Philosophy

The philosopher taught dialectic as a way to uncover inconsistencies in thought.

世界观, 宇宙观

A person's weltanschauung shapes their perception of reality.

一个人的世界观塑造了他们对于现实的感知。

Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments.

功利主义, 效用学说

Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle.

功利主义认为，行为的道德性由其后果决定，以最大多数人的最大幸福为指导原则。

斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学

Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate.

斯多葛主义哲学教导说，如果一个人顺从命运，生活中的重大变化和损失虽然痛苦，但不必粉碎一个人的内在力量和宁静。

唯我论, 哲学上的自我中心主义

Solipsism suggests that the individual's own thoughts and perceptions are the only certain reality.

唯我论表明，个人的思想和感知是唯一确定的现实。

本体论

Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality.

本体论探讨关于存在什么、实体如何相互关联以及现实的基本性质的问题。

一元论, 一元论理论

Materialistic monism contends that everything in the universe is ultimately composed of physical matter.

唯物主义一元论认为宇宙中的一切都最终由物理物质组成。

客观主义, 客观主义哲学

Objectivism posits that reality exists independently of consciousness and that individuals can gain objective knowledge through reason.

客观主义认为现实独立于意识存在，个体可以通过理性获得客观知识。

主观主义, 主观主义学说

Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards.

主观主义主张真理和道德相对于个人观点，拒绝普遍或客观标准的存在。

荒诞主义, 荒谬

Absurdism, as articulated by philosophers like Albert Camus, holds that the search for meaning in a chaotic and indifferent universe is inherently futile.

荒诞主义，正如阿尔贝·加缪等哲学家所阐述的那样，认为在一个混乱且冷漠的宇宙中寻找意义本质上是徒劳的。

目的论, 目的研究

Evolutionary biology often explores the apparent teleology in the adaptations of living organisms, considering whether they result from intentional design.

进化生物学经常探索生物体适应中明显的目的论，考虑它们是否是有意设计的结果。

cogito, 通过思考的行为来说明对自我存在的核心认知的哲学

René Descartes famously encapsulated the essence of cogito in the phrase "Cogito, ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."

勒内·笛卡尔著名地将cogito的本质概括为“Cogito, ergo sum”这句话，意思是“我思故我在”。

The biologist observed a monad under the microscope.

实用主义, 实用主义哲学

Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations.

如威廉·詹姆斯等思想家所倡导的哲学实用主义，强调思想和信仰的实际后果，而非其抽象或理论基础。

本体, 物自体

The concept of noumenon underscores the idea that our knowledge is constrained to the realm of appearances.

本体的概念强调了我们的知识局限于现象领域的观点。

Meditation helped her achieve a sense of transcendence beyond everyday concerns.

John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism.

Taoism teaches that the best way to live is to follow the flow of nature.

自由意志主义, 自由主义自由意志论

The core principle of libertarianism is prioritizing individual rights and autonomy.

自由主义的核心原则是优先考虑个人权利和自主权。

二元论, 二元论学说

Cartesian dualism, proposed by René Descartes, posits a separation between the mind and the body as two distinct substances.

笛卡尔二元论，由勒内·笛卡尔提出，认为心灵和身体是两种不同的物质。

Ancient Stoics embraced fatalism, believing the course of life was fixed.

解构, 解构方法

Deconstruction uncovers hidden meanings in texts.

解构揭示了文本中隐藏的意义。

Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism.

笛卡尔的

Descartes' cartesian philosophy stresses the importance of reason and logic.

笛卡尔的笛卡尔哲学强调了理性和逻辑的重要性。

康德的, 康德式的

Rooted in Kantian ethics is the emphasis on rationality in determining morality.

根植于康德伦理学的是在确定道德时对理性的强调。

苏格拉底的

The Socratic method involves asking probing questions to stimulate discussion and promote understanding.

苏格拉底式方法包括提出探索性问题以激发讨论并促进理解。

The mystic claimed to have seen a transcendental realm beyond human perception.

原则, 信条

The tenet of democracy underscores the importance of representative governance and individual freedoms.

民主的原则强调了代议制治理和个人自由的重要性。